Citation

Glass A. Int. J. Transp. Econ. 2008; 35(1): 121-143.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2008, Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali)

DOI

unavailable

PMID

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Abstract

Examination of the macroeconomic relationship between public transportation expenditure and United States' output/investment using annual data for the period 1959-2003 begins the analysis. Public expenditure on transportation, in practice, is divided into four categories (highways, aviation, public transportation and railroads, and waterways) so Granger causality between each spending and output/investment category was tested in the second part of the analysis. Since trade-offs/complementarities may arise from the division of public spending on transportation, in the final part of the analysis the issue is investigated using Granger causality tests. Among other things, results suggest that private investment changes cause public spending changes on transportation. That private investment changes cause government spending changes on waterways and highways is suggested by the findings, in particular.