Citation

Porter G, Hampshire K, Dunn C, Hall R, Levesley M, Burton K, Robson S, Abane AM, Blell M, Panther J. Soc. Sci. Med. 2013; 88: 90-97.

Affiliation

Durham University, Department of Anthropology, Dawson Building, Science Site, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK. Electronic address: r.e.porter@durham.ac.uk.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.010

PMID

23702214

Abstract

Across sub-Saharan Africa, women and children play major roles as pedestrian load-transporters, in the widespread absence of basic sanitation services, electricity and affordable/reliable motorised transport. The majority of loads, including water and firewood for domestic purposes, are carried on the head. Load-carrying has implications not only for school attendance and performance, women's time budgets and gender relations, but arguably also for health and well-being. We report findings from a comprehensive review of relevant literature, undertaken June-September 2012, focussing particularly on biomechanics, maternal health, and the psycho-social impacts of load-carrying; we also draw from our own research. Key knowledge gaps and areas for future research are highlighted.

Language: en