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Journal Article

Citation

Kerkhoff W, Alberink I, Mattijssen EJ. J. Forensic Sci. 2015; 60(3): 605-610.

Affiliation

Firearms and Ammunition, Netherlands Forensic Institute, PO Box 24044 2490 AA, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2015, American Society for Testing and Materials, Publisher John Wiley and Sons)

DOI

10.1111/1556-4029.12738

PMID

25675942

Abstract

The properties of a bullet, an object, and the incidence angle determine whether the bullet will penetrate, perforate, or ricochet. In this study, the critical angle for ricochet was established for.32 Auto and 9 mm Luger bullets on Abachi, Southern Yellow Pine, Beech, and Ipe wooden boards.

RESULTS show that the critical angle differs depending on caliber and wood type. The critical angle is higher for.32 Auto bullets than for 9 mm Luger bullets and increases with increasing wood density and Janka hardness. The established critical angles for ricochet on the lightest and softest wood (Abachi) are 10.4° and 10.3° for.32 Auto and 9 mm Luger, respectively. For the heaviest and hardest wood (Ipe), the angles were 45.0° and 33.4°, respectively. The combined results on the four tested woods show a strong linear relationship between both the density and the hardness and the critical angle for both calibers.


Language: en

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