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Journal Article

Citation

McCabe R, Sterno I, Priebe S, Barnes R, Byng R. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17(1): e122.

Affiliation

Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, N32, Tamar Science Park, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2017, Holtzbrinck Springer Nature Publishing Group - BMC)

DOI

10.1186/s12888-017-1212-7

PMID

28372553

Abstract

BACKGROUND: There is little evidence on how professionals communicate to assess suicide risk. This study analysed how professionals interview patients about suicidal ideation in clinical practice.

METHODS: Three hundred nineteen video-recorded outpatient visits in U.K. secondary mental health care were screened. 83 exchanges about suicidal ideation were identified in 77 visits. A convenience sample of 6 cases in 46 primary care visits was also analysed. Depressive symptoms were assessed. Questions and responses were qualitatively analysed using conversation analysis. χ (2) tested whether questions were influenced by severity of depression or influenced patients' responses.

RESULTS: A gateway closed question was always asked inviting a yes/no response. 75% of questions were negatively phrased, communicating an expectation of no suicidal ideation, e.g., "No thoughts of harming yourself?". 25% were positively phrased, communicating an expectation of suicidal ideation, e.g., "Do you feel life is not worth living?". Comparing these two question types, patients were significantly more likely to say they were not suicidal when the question was negatively phrased but were not more likely to say they were suicidal when positively phrased (χ (2) = 7.2, df = 1, p = 0.016). 25% patients responded with a narrative rather than a yes/no, conveying ambivalence. Here, psychiatrists tended to pursue a yes/no response. When the patient responded no to the gateway question, the psychiatrist moved on to the next topic. A similar pattern was identified in primary care.

CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatrists tend to ask patients to confirm they are not suicidal using negative questions. Negatively phrased questions bias patients' responses towards reporting no suicidal ideation.


Language: en

Keywords

Assessment; Communication; Conversation analysis; Mental health care; Mixed methods; Risk; Suicide

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