Citation

Williams SE, Sarno DM, Lewis JE, Shoss MK, Neider MB, Bohil CJ. Ergonomics 2019; 62(8): 983-994.

Affiliation

Department of Psychology , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2019, Informa - Taylor and Francis Group)

DOI

10.1080/00140139.2019.1614681

PMID

31056018

Abstract

This study explored distinct perceptual and decisional contributions to spam email mental construal. Participants classified spam emails according to pairings of three stimulus features - presence or absence of awkward prose, abnormal message structure, and implausible premise. We examined dimensional interactions within general recognition theory (GRT; a multidimensional extension of signal detection theory). Classification accuracy was highest for categories containing either two non-normal dimension levels (e.g., awkward prose and implausible premise) or two normal dimension levels (e.g., normal prose and plausible premise). Modelling indicated both perceptual and decisional contributions to classification responding. In most cases perceptual discriminability was higher along one dimension when stimuli contained a non-normal level of the paired dimension (e.g., prose discriminability was higher with abnormal structure). Similarly, decision criteria along one dimension were biased in favour of the non-normal response when stimuli contained a non-normal level of the paired dimension. Potential applications for training are discussed. Practitioner Summary: We applied general recognition theory (i.e., multivariate signal detection theory) to spam email classification at low or high levels of three stimulus dimensions: premise plausibility, prose quality, and email structure. Relevant to training, this approach helped identify perceptual and decisional biases that could be leveraged to individualise training.

Language: en

Keywords

phishing judgment; spam attention; spam email; spam features; spam judgment