@article{ref1,
title="A granular dynamic method for modelling the egress pattern at an exit",
journal="Fire safety journal",
year="2007",
author="Yuen, K.K. and Lo, S. M. and Lin, Peter and Liang, Jingyuan and Huang, Hsiu-Chen",
volume="42",
number="5",
pages="377-383",
abstract="In recent years, in many countries around the world there have been many disasters caused by crushing in dense crowds. For example, the 1992 Lan Kwai Fong disaster in Hong Kong [20 people crushed to death], 1996 Guatemala City disaster [84 deaths in a football (soccer) stadium], 2000 Denmark Music Festival [8 deaths in a stampeding crowd], 2001 Johannesberg disaster [43 deaths in Ellis Park stadium], 2001 Lubumbashi of Congo [14 deaths in a football stadium], 2001 Ghana disaster [126 deaths at a football match], 2001 Aracaju of Brazil [4 deaths in a prize giving event], 2001 Akashi of Japan [10 deaths in a Firework display], 2001 Sofia of Bulgaria [7 deaths in a disco], 2002 Goma of Congo [4 deaths at a concert], 2003 Chicago [21 deaths in a Club Fire] and 2004 Miyun, Beijing [37 deaths in a stampeding crowd across a bridge]. This indicates that when large number of people gathering together, the crowd movement, especially under emergency situations, may be hazardous and that congestion may substantially restrict the crowd's movement. A granular dynamic method is proposed in this article to model the egress pattern of evacuees in a densely populated enclosed space. The method models individual movement patterns in that the inter-personal forces acting on each person have been considered by adopting a contracted boundary approach. The out-flow rate of exits of various sizes is studied and modelled by a simple equation.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0379-7112",
doi="10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.12.007",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.12.007"
}