@article{ref1,
title="A numerical study of water mist mitigation of tunnel fires",
journal="Fire safety journal",
year="2009",
author="Consalvi, Jean-Louis and Nmira, F. and Kaiss, A. and Porterie, Bernard and ez-Pello,  and Fern, AC",
volume="44",
number="2",
pages="198-211",
abstract="A Eulerian–Eulerian two-phase model is developed to numerically investigate the efficiency of water mist systems in mitigating thermoplastic fires in a tunnel. The polydisperse nature of the spray is modeled using the moments of the droplet size distribution function. The system of Favre-averaged Navier–Stokes equations for the gas phase is closed using the k–εRNG turbulence model, the Eddy-Break-Up–Arrhenius model for turbulent combustion, and a multiphase radiative transfer equation including the contributions of soot, combustion products, and water droplets. A parametric study is carried out to assess the influence of the size distribution and injection conditions of the spray, and of the ventilation conditions on fire mitigation in a tunnel. Ventilation velocity is in the range 1–2 m/s and water flow rate is in the range 0.01–0.3 kg/s. Model results show that spray efficiency is mainly related to droplet dynamics and that optimum spray characteristics for mitigation and/or extinction are highly dependent on the configuration. It is found that fire extinguishment occurs during the transient stage at relatively high water flow rates as a consequence of a sharp decrease in the fuel pyrolysis rate. If extinction does not occur, then the two-phase flow resulting from the fire/water spray interaction tends rapidly toward a quasi-steady state. With an increasing water flow rate, fire mitigation exhibits an asymptotic behavior at steady state. Keywords: Water mist; Thermoplastic fire; Tunnel; Numerical model; Polydisperse spray; Moment method<p />",
language="",
issn="0379-7112",
doi="10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.06.002",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.06.002"
}