@article{ref1,
title="Non-Violence and the Strike Movements in Poland",
journal="Journal of peace research",
year="1982",
author="Modzelewski, Wojciech",
volume="19",
number="2",
pages="107-116",
abstract="Strikes which occurred in the summer of 1980 in Poland, leading to the establishment of independent trade unions and extensions of civic freedoms, are analyzed as a successful revolutionary reform achieved through non-violent means. In 1980, mass strike actions turned out to be an effective example of a fight without the use of violence, and thus should be assessed from the point of view of the theory of non-violent action. Resulting changes could not be attained within official politics and/or methods of coercion. Processes which occurred in Poland in 1980 indicate therefore a way in which non-violent protests can be effectively employed for a deep transformation of a political system. In this paper both factors responsible for bloody repressions of violent riots/uprisings taking place before 1980 and factors which facilitated non-violence in 1980 are analyzed, together with some consequences of the pre-1980 protest.<p />",
language="",
issn="0022-3433",
doi="10.1177/002234338201900204",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002234338201900204"
}