@article{ref1,
title="Adolescent Masculinity, Homophobia, and Violence: Random School Shootings, 1982-2001",
journal="American behavioral scientist",
year="2003",
author="Kimmel, Michael S. and Mahler, Matthew",
volume="46",
number="10",
pages="1439-1458",
abstract="Since 1982, there have been 28 cases of random school shootings in American high schools and middle schools. The authors find (a) that the shootings were not a national problem but a series of local problems that occurred in &quot;red states&quot; or counties (places that voted Republican in the 2000 election); (b) that most of the boys who opened fire were mercilessly and routinely teased and bullied and that their violence was retaliatory against the threats to manhood; (c) that White boys in particular might be more likely than African American boys to randomly open fire; and (d) that the specific content of the teasing and bullying is homophobia. A link between adolescent masculinity, homophobia, and violence is proposed. Finally, the authors offer a few possible explanations as to how most boys who are teased and bullied achieve the psychological resilience that enables them to weather adolescence without recourse to random school violence.<p />",
language="",
issn="0002-7642",
doi="10.1177/0002764203046010010",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764203046010010"
}