@article{ref1,
title="Is Bullying a Junior Hate Crime? Implications for Interventions",
journal="American behavioral scientist",
year="2007",
author="Englander, E.",
volume="51",
number="2",
pages="205-212",
abstract="Hate crimes and bullying behaviors among children have similarities. Both often focus on &quot;different&quot; individuals as preferred targets, such as those from controversial groups (e.g., homosexuals). Thus, unequal power exists between a bully and his or her victim, and this dynamic precludes the use of equal-power interventions such as mediation. A second similarity is a lack of basic respect for all persons and the subsequent justification of violence against a particular person or group. A third similarity is the predominance of these behaviors among young (juvenile) offenders. These similarities between hate crimes and bullying in children may inform bullying-prevention efforts. Programs need to reduce bullying behaviors by focusing on tolerance of differences, the promotion of positive attitudes toward diversity, and negative attitudes toward hate-based victimization of people who may be different from the mainstream. The Massachusetts Aggression Reduction Center's Anti-Bullying Program provides a model for this approach.<p />",
language="",
issn="0002-7642",
doi="10.1177/0002764207306052",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764207306052"
}