@article{ref1,
title="Large-Scale Environmental Risk Factors for Substance Use",
journal="American behavioral scientist",
year="1996",
author="Wills, T. A. and Pierce, J. P. and Evans, R. I.",
volume="39",
number="7",
pages="808-822",
abstract="This article discusses evidence on the importance of large-scale environmental risk factors for onset of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use. It is suggested that smoking onset occurs through a process in which some individuals change from nonsmoking to susceptibility, experimentation, and adoption of regular use. A distinction is made between distal and proximal risk factors, and a model is outlined that encompasses both levels. We consider evidence on large-scale variables including socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and media advertising as factors in onset and discuss how the effects of these large-scale variables are mediated. Recommendations for research and program development are made.<p />",
language="",
issn="0002-7642",
doi="10.1177/0002764296039007004",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764296039007004"
}