@article{ref1,
title="Pediatric equestrian injuries: assessing the impact of helmet use",
journal="Pediatrics",
year="1995",
author="Bond, G. Randall and Christoph, R. A. and Rodgers, B. M.",
volume="95",
number="4",
pages="487-489",
abstract="OBJECTIVE. To assess the impact of helmet use on the pattern, and severity of pediatric equestrian injuries. DESIGN. A prospective observational study of all children less than 15 years of age who were brought to the University of Virginia children's Emergency Department with horse-related injuries. RESULTS. During the two-year period of the study, 32 children were evaluated. Two children were injured when a horse stepped on them. Thirty children fell from or were thrown from a horse. Of these, 20 were wearing a helmet. Head injuries were more frequent in those patients not wearing helmets. The mean Modified Injury Severity Scale (MISS) score for riders without a helmet (12.9) was significantly higher (more severe) than that for helmeted riders (2.8). All three patients with a Glascow Coma Score < 15 on arrival were not wearing a helmet at the time of injury. The frequency of hospitalization was significantly higher for those not wearing a helmet. Compared with other common mechanisms of childhood injury the mean Modified Injury Severity Scale score of injured riders was exceeded only by that of pedestrians struck by a car. CONCLUSION. Equestrian injuries are more severe than those suffered from other common pediatric mechanisms. Helmet use is associated with decreased frequency and severity of central nervous system injury.",
language="",
issn="0031-4005",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}