@article{ref1,
title="When the Television Is Always On: Heavy Television Exposure and Young Children's Development",
journal="American behavioral scientist",
year="2005",
author="Vandewater, E. A. and Bickham, David S. and Lee, Jung-Hua and Cummings, HM and Wartella, EA and Rideout, VJ",
volume="48",
number="5",
pages="562-577",
abstract="In American homes, the television is on approximately 6 hours a day on average. Yet little is known about the impact of growing up in the near constant presence of television. This study examines the prevalence and developmental impact of &quot;heavy-television&quot; households on very young children aged 0 to 6 drawn from a nationally representative sample (N = 756). Thirty-five percent of the children lived in a home where the television is on &quot;always&quot; or &quot;most of the time,&quot; even if no one is watching. Regardless of their age, children from heavy-television households watched more television and read less than other children. Furthermore, children exposed to constant television were less likely to be able to read than other children.<p />",
language="",
issn="0002-7642",
doi="10.1177/0002764204271496",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764204271496"
}