@article{ref1,
title="Childhood maltreatment and adult personality disorder symptoms: influence of maltreatment type",
journal="Psychiatry research",
year="2009",
author="Tyrka, Audrey R. and Wyche, Margaret C. and Kelly, Megan M. and Price, Lawrence H. and Carpenter, L. L.",
volume="165",
number="3",
pages="281-287",
abstract="The present study examines the effects of different types of childhood maltreatment on personality disorder symptoms in a sample of adults with no Axis I psychopathology. Participants reporting a history of moderate to severe maltreatment on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (n = 70) were grouped by type of abuse and compared with a non-abused group (n = 35) with regard to the number of personality disorder symptoms endorsed. Physical/sexual abuse and emotional abuse/neglect each were associated with elevated symptoms of all three personality disorder clusters. Elevated symptoms of several specific personality disorders were also seen, including paranoid, borderline, avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and depressive personality disorder. There were no significant differences between the maltreatment groups. These findings indicate that emotional abuse/neglect and physical/sexual abuse are risk factors for a broad array of personality outcomes in a non-clinical sample.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0165-1781",
doi="10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.017",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.017"
}