@article{ref1,
title="Democracy and Disaster: The Crisis of (Meta) Planning in America",
journal="Industrial crisis quarterly",
year="1988",
author="Black, M. and Worthington, R.",
volume="2",
number="1",
pages="33-51",
abstract="In this essay we examine the connection between a crisis in the American political economy and the recurrence of industrial crisis which imperil the health, safety and welfare of Americans and others affected by U.S.-based industrial operations. The crisis of the political economy (manifested by uneven growth rates, polarization, voter cynicism and other indicators) arises from the need for increased coordination and planning of economic and industrial activity. This planning threatens elite control and undermines the ideology of laissez faire economics which legitimates the prevailing order. Weak planning and an unstable political consensus are natural results of this contradiction. A system which we call meta-planning (planning without planning) has evolved in response to this impasse. The early sections of the paper deal with the implementation of new industrial policies which are the core of meta-planning, demonstrating how these policies simultaneously enhance systemic capacities for coordination while reassuring the public that the traditional American aversion to strong government is being upheld. The implication of meta-planning for industrial crises are examined in a final section. We argue that meta-planning facilitates private investment in profit rather than safety, early commercialization of new technologies which shifts risks onto the public, and distorts democratic processes and goals in the public management of industrial hazards.<p />",
language="",
issn="0921-8106",
doi="10.1177/108602668800200104",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108602668800200104"
}