@article{ref1,
title="The unfolding of '12.23' Kaixian blowout accident in China",
journal="Safety science",
year="2009",
author="Jianfeng, Li and Bin, Zhang and Yang, Wang and Mao, Liu",
volume="47",
number="8",
pages="1107-1117",
abstract="At about 20:00 the night of 23 December 2003 a natural-gas well being drilled went out of control. The &quot;blowout&quot; released a high concentration of poisonous hydrogen sulfide gas. 243 people were killed and more than were hospitalized.  In this research, which takes the ‘12.23’ Kaixian blowout accident in Chongqing as an example, firstly the basic information of the accident, including the affected area, the accident process and the accident consequences, was described. Secondly, the development of the accident and other correlative things were researched in detail, especially the monitoring result of concentrations of toxic gases at different times. Thirdly, the blowout accident was categorized into three stages, and the causes of each stage were analyzed in depth together with the events and causal factors charting. Lastly, the profound problems exposed in the disaster were thoroughly discussed. The analysis on ‘12.23’ Kaixian blowout accident indicates that deficiencies in the proper understanding of the hazards by the crew/management as well as inadequacies in risk assessment, management, and the absence of effective countermeasures resulted in the loss of lives.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0925-7535",
doi="10.1016/j.ssci.2008.12.005",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2008.12.005"
}