@article{ref1,
title="Injuries Associated With Bathtubs and Showers Among Children in the United States",
journal="Pediatrics",
year="2009",
author="Mao, Shengyi J. and McKenzie, Lara Beth and Xiang, Huiyun and Smith, Gary A.",
volume="124",
number="2",
pages="541-547",
abstract="Objective: The goal was to describe the epidemiological features of injuries associated with bathtubs and showers, especially those related to slips, trips, and falls, among US children. Methods: A retrospective study was performed by using nationally representative data from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from 1990 through 2007 for children </=18 years of age. Results: There were an estimated 791 200 bathtub- and shower-related injuries among children </=18 years of age who were treated in US emergency departments in 1990-2007, with an average of 43 600 cases per year or approximately ;5.9 injuries per 10 000 US children per year. The largest number of injuries involved children 2 years of age; children </=4 years accounted for 54.3% of injuries. The most common diagnosis was laceration (59.5%). The most common mechanism of injury was a slip, trip, or fall, accounting for 81.0% of cases or 4.6 injuries per 10 000 US children per year. The most frequently injured body part was the face (48.0%), followed by the head/neck (15.0%). The majority (71.3%) of injuries occurred in a bathtub. Of the cases with a known place of injury, 97.1% occurred at home. An estimated 2.8% of patients were admitted, transferred to another hospital, or held for observation. Conclusions: This is the first study on bathtub- and shower-related injuries using nationally representative data. Slips, trips, and falls in bathtubs and showers are a common cause of injury among children, especially children </=4 years of age. The incidence of these injuries may be decreased by increasing the coefficient of friction of bathtub and shower surfaces.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0031-4005",
doi="10.1542/peds.2008-2489",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2489"
}