@article{ref1,
title="Mean-level change and intra-individual variability in self-esteem and depression among high-risk children",
journal="International journal of behavioral development",
year="2009",
author="Kim, J. and Cicchetti, D.",
volume="33",
number="3",
pages="202-214",
abstract="This study investigated mean-level changes and intraindividual variability of self-esteem among maltreated ( N = 142) and nonmaltreated (N = 109) school-aged children from low-income families. Longitudinal factor analysis revealed higher temporal stability of self-esteem among maltreated children compared to nonmaltreated children. Cross-domain latent growth curve models indicated that nonmaltreated children showed higher initial levels and greater increases in self-esteem than maltreated children, and that the initial levels of self-esteem were significantly associated with depressive symptoms among maltreated and nonmaltreated children. The average level (mean of repeated measurements) of self-esteem was predictive of depression at the final occasion for both maltreated and nonmaltreated children. For nonmaltreated children intraindividual variability of self-esteem had a direct contribution to prediction of depression. The findings enhance our understanding of developmental changes in self-esteem and the role of the average level and within-person variability of self-esteem in predicting depressive symptoms among high-risk children.<p />",
language="",
issn="0165-0254",
doi="10.1177/0165025408098021",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025408098021"
}