@article{ref1,
title="An Effective Crashworthiness Design Optimization Methodology to Improve Helicopter Landing Gear Energy Absorption",
journal="Journal of the American Helicopter Society",
year="2009",
author="Tho, Cheng-Ho and Wang, B. P.",
volume="54",
number="4",
pages="042003-42012",
abstract="Crashworthiness design optimization problems are continuously challenged by inherent complexity of long simulation time, numerical instability, and unavailability of sensitivity analysis. In recent years, surrogate-model-based design optimization using design of experiments and response surface methodology has proven to be a promising way to achieve the improved design for crashworthiness problems. However, the method is still hampered by a large number of function evaluations for a large number of design variables or low accuracy for small sample size. This paper presents an effective simulation-based optimization algorithm for optimal design of large-scale, computationally expensive crashworthiness problems. The proposed optimization algorithm is called the sequential regularized multiquadric regression with output space mapping (SRMQ/OSM). The proposed method is demonstrated on two simple numerical problems and is subsequently extended to a generic helicopter skid landing gear optimization problem to improve the energy absorption efficiency with prescribed design constraints. The results show that the proposed approach converged quickly to a feasible design with no constraint violation. The improved skid gear design obtained by the proposed SRMQ/OSM method exhibits better impact performance in terms of energy absorption, peak acceleration, onset rate, and pulse duration. ©2009 American Helicopter Society.<p />",
language="",
issn="0002-8711",
doi="10.4050/JAHS.54.042003",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/JAHS.54.042003"
}