@article{ref1,
title="Rubber bullet injury: case report with autopsy observation and literature review",
journal="American journal of forensic medicine and pathology",
year="2009",
author="Kobayashi, M. and Mellen, P. F.",
volume="30",
number="3",
pages="262-267",
abstract="Rubber bullets are one of the less-lethal (nonlethal) weapons, which are increasingly used to incapacitate dangerous individuals, avoiding use of firearms. An autopsy examination of a man who was shot with improved rubber bullets revealed that the bullet caused pulmonary contusion. The bullet was 30 g in weight and consisted of a sponge foam nose with 40-mm diameter and a plastic body. He was not incapacitated and died of suicidal gunshot wound. The case raised a question as to how severe an injury is necessary to deter a person without causing death. A variety of rubber bullets have been used in the world, and they have occasionally produced severe or lethal injuries. A review of the literature demonstrated that the feature of injuries appeared to be related to the type of missile. It becomes more important for a forensic pathologist to be familiar with rubber bullets and injuries caused by them as the use of less-lethal weapon increases.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0195-7910",
doi="10.1097/PAF.0b013e318187dfa8",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0b013e318187dfa8"
}