@article{ref1,
title="Withdrawal syndrome after abuse of GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) and its physiological precursors - its relevance for child and adolescent psychiatrists",
journal="Zeitschrift fur Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie",
year="2009",
author="Zepf, Florian D. and Holtmann, Martin and Duketis, Eftichia and Maier, Joachim and Radeloff, Daniel and Schirman, Shella and Wagner, Ann and Poustka, F. and Wöckel, Lars",
volume="37",
number="5",
pages="413-420",
abstract="Background: The chronic abuse of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) as a designer drug as well as it's physiological precursors Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-Butandiole (1,4-BD) confronts child and adolescent psychiatrists with new challenges. The acute withdrawal of GHB with its cardiovascular and delirant symptoms is of particular importance for child and adolescent psychiatrists. Methods: In the present paper theoretical and biological aspects of acute GHB-/GBL-/1,4-BD-withdrawal syndrome are presented, and selected cases are discussed as regards potential treatment. Results: High dose treatment with benzodiazepines was successful in some cases of acute GHB-/GBL-/1,4-BD-withdrawal syndrome. Complications were severe dystonia under neuroleptic treatment, and also side-effects of treatment with benzodiazepines. Further problems were vegetative symptoms, electrocardiographic changes, rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, and death. Conclusion: Acute GHB-withdrawal syndrome is a life-threatening condition which requires immediate intensive care treatment along with continuous monitoring of vital parameters. As acute GHB-withdrawal syndrome can present with symptoms close to psychotic episodes or acute alcohol withdrawal this condition is relevant for child and adolescent psychiatrists.<p /> <p>Language: de</p>",
language="de",
issn="1422-4917",
doi="10.1024/1422-4917.37.5.413",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917.37.5.413"
}