@article{ref1,
title="Response of tonic lower limb FE model in various real life car-pedestrian impact configurations: a parametric study for standing posture",
journal="International journal of vehicle safety",
year="2009",
author="Soni, Anurag and Chawla, Anoop and Mukherjee, Sukhes and Malhotra, Rajesh",
volume="4",
number="1",
pages="14-28",
abstract="This paper investigates the effect of muscle contraction on lower extremity injuries in car-pedestrian lateral impacts. Three variables, viz. height of impact, pedestrian offset with respect to car centre and impact speed, are considered. Full-scale car-pedestrian FE simulations have been performed using the full body pedestrian model with active lower extremities (PMALE) and front structures of a car model. Two pre-impact conditions of a symmetrically standing pedestrian, representing a cadaver and an unaware pedestrian, have been simulated. It is concluded that (1) with muscle contraction risk of ligament failure decreases whereas risk of bone fracture increases; (2) ligament and bone strains are dependent on the impact location; (3) chances of ligament injuries are higher when the impact occurs near the outer corner of the car; (4) risk of bone fracture increases with speed and (5) bone fracture reduces the risk of ligament failure.<p />",
language="en",
issn="1479-3105",
doi="10.1504/IJVS.2009.026971",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2009.026971"
}