@article{ref1,
title="The effect of lower limb muscle contractions on the impact acceleration behaviour of medial knee in low-speed pedestrian impact",
journal="International journal of vehicle design",
year="2009",
author="Hong, Junghwa and Min, Sung-Kil and Eom, Gwang-Moon and Park, Byung Kyu and Chae, Soo Won and Kim, Dong-Sik",
volume="51",
number="3/4",
pages="359 - 373",
abstract="For accurate analysis in low-speed collisions, roles of muscle in the low extremities are included in a finite element (FE) human model. The impact accelerations were estimated for vehicle-pedestrian collisions with and without muscle activations under 10 km/hour. The predicted acceleration at the medial knee was verified by the actual tests performed at 2.88 km/hour. Then, experiments were performed using a sled to obtain muscle activations, and impact accelerations of the subjects. More analyses were performed using the FE human model at 5 and 10 km/hour to understand effects of muscle activations on impact accelerations. At the lowest impact speed, the reduction of acceleration was 20% when the result with muscle activations was compared to that without muscle activations. The reduction was decreased to 12% at 5 km/hour. At 10 km/hour, the reduction was insignificant but existed to as much as 3%. Therefore, muscle activations in the lower limbs are important when the impact velocity is lower than 10 km/hour.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0143-3369",
doi="10.1504/IJVD.2009.027962",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJVD.2009.027962"
}