@article{ref1,
title="Anatomy of a surrogate: historical precedents and implications for contemporary counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism",
journal="Small wars and insurgencies",
year="2009",
author="Hughes, Geraint and Tripodi, Christian",
volume="20",
number="1",
pages="1-35",
abstract="This article examines the ways and means in which states employ irregular and indigenous personnel in a counter-insurgency (COIN) or counter-terrorist (CT) campaign, in the historical and contemporary context. The authors clarify the terminology surrounding this neglected area of COIN/CT theory, and identify four types of indigenous assistance – individual actors (trackers, interpreters, informers and agents); home guards and militias; counter-gangs; and pseudo-gangs. This article concludes that while the use of such indigenous irregulars has its advantages for the state and its armed/security forces (particularly as far as intelligence, local knowledge and undermining the insurgent's cause is concerned), it can also have serious practical and ethical implications for a COIN/CT campaign, and can have unexpected and unwelcome consequences including violations of laws of armed conflict, the undermining of governmental authority and the prospects of endemic internal strife and state collapse.<p />",
language="",
issn="0959-2318",
doi="10.1080/09592310802571552",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592310802571552"
}