@article{ref1,
title="Developing an inverse time-to-collision crash alert timing approach based on drivers' last-second braking and steering judgments",
journal="Accident analysis and prevention",
year="2005",
author="Kiefer, Raymond J. and Leblanc, David J. and Flannagan, Carol A. C.",
volume="37",
number="2",
pages="295-303",
abstract="Drivers were asked to execute last-second braking and steering maneuvers while approaching a surrogate target lead vehicle. This surrogate target was designed to allow safely placing naive drivers in controlled, realistic rear-end crash scenarios under test track conditions. Maneuver intensity instructions were varied so that drivers' perceptions of normal and non-normal braking envelopes could be properly identified and modeled for forward collision warning timing purposes. The database modeled includes 3536 last-second braking judgment trials. A promising inverse time-to-collision model was developed, which assumes that the driver deceleration response in response to a crash alert is based on an inverse time-to-collision threshold that decreases linearly with driver speed.",
language="en",
issn="0001-4575",
doi="10.1016/j.aap.2004.09.003",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2004.09.003"
}