@article{ref1,
title="Biosocial bases of aggressive and violent behavior-implications for nursing studies",
journal="International journal of nursing studies",
year="2005",
author="Liu, Juhua and Wuerker, Anne",
volume="42",
number="2",
pages="229-241",
abstract="Although aggression and violence have been increasingly viewed as a major public health problem with a biological and health basis, it has been under-researched in the nursing and health context. This paper reviews early biological risk factors for violence. These factors include pregnancy/birth complications, fetal exposure to nicotine, alcohol, and drugs, low cholesterol, malnutrition, lead and manganese exposure, head injuries and brain dysfunction, low arousal, low serotonin, low cortisol, and high testosterone. A biopsychosocial violence mode is proposed. Finally, the paper argues that nursing is ideally placed to develop a new body of knowledge based on a biosocial perspective that can lead to more effective prevention programs for violence.",
language="",
issn="0020-7489",
doi="10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.06.007",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.06.007"
}