@article{ref1,
title="Genetic and environmental contributions to common psychopathologies of childhood and adolescence: a study of twins and their siblings",
journal="Journal of abnormal child psychology",
year="2006",
author="Ehringer, Marissa A. and Rhee, Soo Hyun and Young, S. and Corley, Robin and Hewitt, J. K.",
volume="34",
number="1",
pages="1-17",
abstract="We report findings based on analyses of self-reports of six common adolescent psychopathologies (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD; conduct disorder, CD; oppositional defiant disorder, ODD; generalized anxiety disorder, GAD; separation anxiety disorder, SAD; and major depressive disorder, MDD) in a sample of 1,162 male and female adolescent (12-19 years) twin pairs and 426 siblings. Prevalence statistics for past year and lifetime reports confirm differences between genders for CD, GAD, SAD, and MDD, and a lack of differences between twins and their non-twin siblings. Biometrical modeling was conducted to ascertain the relative influences of genes, and shared and non-shared environments contributing to these disorders. A more robust estimate of these parameters was obtained by including non-twin siblings. Age-specific thresholds were integrated into the analyses to appropriately model the developmental patterns of behavior. We found evidence for both genetic and non-shared environmental influences for all disorders. Shared environmental influences also seem to be important for MDD and lifetime GAD.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0091-0627",
doi="10.1007/s10802-005-9000-0",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-9000-0"
}