@article{ref1,
title=""Mental illness" and "disease": outmoded concepts in alcohol and drug rehabilitation",
journal="Community mental health journal",
year="1975",
author="Carroll, J. F.",
volume="11",
number="4",
pages="418-429",
abstract="Are the addict and alcoholic mentally ill? By traditional standards, yes. The validity of the &quot;mental illness&quot; concept and its associated psychiatric labeling process, however, is challenged. A synthesis of the human ecological systems and third-force frames of reference is presented as a viable alternative to the medical &quot;disease&quot; model of alcoholism and drug dependency. According to the proposed disease model, &quot;alcoholism,&quot; &quot;addiction,&quot; and &quot;mental illness&quot; are considered to be modes of coping with pain and anger associated with a person's participating in social systems that frustrate self-actualization and diminish self-esteem. Combined treatment of &quot;alcoholics,&quot; &quot;addicts,&quot; and &quot;nonaddicted psychiatric patients&quot; is supported with qualifications.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0010-3853",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}