@article{ref1,
title="Rural and urban fatal pedestrian crashes among United States American Indians and Alaskan Natives",
journal="Annual proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine",
year="2003",
author="Lavalley, Jonathon and Crandall, Cameron S. and Banks, Laura and Sklar, David P. and Boodlal, Leverson",
volume="47",
number="",
pages="127-143",
abstract="The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) were used to compare fatal pedestrian crashes in American Indians and Alaskan Natives (AI/AN) between urban and rural locations for 2000-2001. There were significant differences between urban and rural crashes for driver, pedestrian, environmental, and engineering factors. Rural pedestrian crashes more often occurred on highways (p<0.0001) lacking traffic control devices (p<0.0001) and artificial lighting (p<0.0001). Alcohol was a significant cofactor in both environments (40% urban vs. 55% rural; p=0.0239). Prevention of AI/AN deaths should include engineering countermeasures specific to the needs of rural (lighting) and urban (medians with barriers) environments and address drinking behavior in both populations",
language="",
issn="1540-0360",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}