@article{ref1,
title="Ten-year review of pediatric bathtub near-drownings: evaluation for child abuse and neglect",
journal="Annals of emergency medicine",
year="1995",
author="Lavelle, Jane M. and Shaw, K. N. and Seidl, T. and Ludwig, S.",
volume="25",
number="3",
pages="344-348",
abstract="STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk factors associated with bathtub submersion injury and their relationship to child abuse and neglect. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: An urban children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Any child sustaining a bathtub near-drowning over the 10-year period from 1982 to 1992. INTERVENTIONS: None. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were treated for bathtub near-drownings during the 10-year period, accounting for 24% of all submersion injuries. A significant number (67%) had historic and/or physical findings suspicious for abuse or neglect, including incompatible history for the injury, other physical injuries, previous child abuse reports, psychiatric history of the caretaker, and/or psychosocial concerns noted in the chart. The mortality rate of 42% was significant. No demographic characteristics identified the children at risk. CONCLUSION: Many children who are injured in the bathtub suffer from abuse or neglect. Medical evaluation should include social work consultation and a search for other accompanying injuries.",
language="",
issn="0196-0644",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}