@article{ref1,
title="Mass casualty terrorist bombings: a comparison of outcomes by bombing type",
journal="Annals of emergency medicine",
year="2004",
author="Arnold, Jeffrey L. and Halpern, Pinchas and Tsai, M. C. and Smithline, Howard A.",
volume="43",
number="2",
pages="263-273",
abstract="STUDY OBJECTIVE: We compared the epidemiologic outcomes of terrorist bombings that produced 30 or more casualties and resulted in immediate structural collapse, occurred within a confined space, or occurred in open air. METHODS: We identified eligible studies of bombings through a MEDLINE search of articles published between 1966 and August 2002 and a manual search of published references. Pooled and median rates of mortality, immediately injured survival, emergency department use, hospitalization, and injury were determined for each bombing type. RESULTS: We found 35 eligible articles describing 29 terrorist bombings, collectively producing 8,364 casualties, 903 immediate deaths, and 7,461 immediately surviving injured. Pooled immediate mortality rates were structural collapse 25% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6% to 44%), confined space 8% (95% CI 1% to 14%), and open air 4% (95% CI 0% to 9%). Biphasic distributions of mortality were identified in all bombing types. Pooled hospitalization rates were structural collapse 25% (95% CI 6% to 44%), confined space 36% (95% CI 27% to 46%), and open air 15% (95% CI 5% to 26%). Unique patterns of injury rates were found in all bombing types. CONCLUSION: Patterns of injury and health care system use vary with the type of terrorist bombing.",
language="",
issn="0196-0644",
doi="10.1016/S0196064403007236",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0196064403007236"
}