@article{ref1,
title="Relationship of sedative-hypnotic response to self-injurious behavior and stereotypy by mentally retarded clients",
journal="American journal of mental deficiency",
year="1983",
author="Barron, J. and Sandman, C. A.",
volume="88",
number="2",
pages="177-186",
abstract="Groups of clients exhibiting both self-injurious behavior (SIB) and stereotypy, stereotypy alone, SIB alone, or neither of these types of behavior were rated in terms of response to sedative-hypnotic medication. Sixty-eight percent of the clients with both SIB and stereotypy maintained wakefulness and were either resistive, combative, restless, uncooperative, or abusive after treatment with sedative-hypnotics. Thirty-nine percent of the clients with only SIB and 35 percent of the clients with only stereotypy evidenced such &quot;paradoxical&quot; responses to these medications. None of the matched control clients displayed paradoxical responses. This result suggests that an impaired endogenous opiate system characterized by increased levels of beta-endorphin may mediate and maintain a type of syndrome of SIB that involves the presence of stereotypy, implying the need for a new diagnostic classification and treatment of these aberrant behavioral disorders.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0002-9351",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}