@article{ref1,
title="Paradoxical excitement to sedative-hypnotics in mentally retarded clients",
journal="American journal of mental deficiency",
year="1985",
author="Barron, J. and Sandman, C. A.",
volume="90",
number="2",
pages="124-129",
abstract="The relationships among &quot;paradoxical&quot; excitement to sedative--hypnotic medication, self-injurious behavior, and perinatal trauma were evaluated. Mentally retarded patients were classified as either paradoxical or normal responders to sedative-hypnotics. Paradoxical responders to these medications have a lower MA, a history of perinatal trauma, self-injurious behavior (SIB), and aggressive behavior when compared to normal responders. These findings confirmed and extended previous reports that a type of SIB may be indexed by paradoxical response to sedative-hypnotics. Results also suggested that perinatal trauma may be of etiological importance in the development of SIB. Because perinatal trauma or fetal distress results in excessive levels of B-endorphin, in utero, an impaired endogenous opiate system may be a critical factor maintaining a syndrome of SIB. Thus, these data may indicate psychopharmacological markers of SIB that may have both treatment and etiological significance.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0002-9351",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}