@article{ref1,
title="Differences in safety climate between hospital personnel and naval aviators",
journal="Human factors",
year="2003",
author="Gaba, D. M. and Singer, Sara J. and Sinaiko, Anna D. and Bowen, James D. and Ciavarelli, A. P.",
volume="45",
number="2",
pages="173-185",
abstract="We compared results of safety climate survey  questions from health care respondents with those from naval aviation, a  high-reliability organization. Separate surveys containing a subset of 23  similar questions were conducted among employees from 15 hospitals and from  naval aviators from 226 squadrons. For each question a &quot;problematic  response&quot; was defined that suggested an absence of a safety climate.  Overall, the problematic response rate was 5.6% for naval aviators versus 17.5%  for hospital personnel (p < .0001). The problematic response was 20.9% in  high-hazard hospital domains such as emergency departments and operating rooms.  Problematic response among hospital workers was up to 12 times greater than that  among aviators on certain questions. Although further research on safety climate  in health care is warranted, hospitals may need to make substantial changes to  achieve a safety climate consistent with the status of high-reliability  organizations.",
language="",
issn="0018-7208",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}