@article{ref1,
title="Alarm mistrust in automobiles: how collision alarm reliability affects driving",
journal="Applied ergonomics",
year="2003",
author="Bliss, J. P. and Acton, Sarah A.",
volume="34",
number="6",
pages="499-509",
abstract="As roadways become more congested, there is  greater potential for automobile accidents and incidents. To improve roadway  safety, automobile manufacturers are now designing and incorporating collision  avoidance warning systems; yet, there has been little investigation of how the  reliability of alarm signals might impact driver performance. We measured  driving and alarm reaction performances following alarms of various reliability  levels. In Experiment One, 70 participants operated a driving simulator while  being presented console emitted collision alarms that were 50%, 75%, or 100%  reliable. In Experiment Two, the same participants were presented spatially  generated collision alarms of the same reliability levels. The results were  similar in both experiments: alarm and automobile swerving reactions were  significantly better when alarms were more reliable; however, drivers still  failed to avoid collisions following reliable alarms. These results emphasize  that alarm designers should maximize alarm reliability while minimizing alarm  invasiveness.",
language="",
issn="0003-6870",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}