@article{ref1,
title="Engel's "Psychogenic Pain and the Pain-Prone Patient:" a retrospective, controlled clinical study",
journal="Psychosomatic medicine",
year="1989",
author="Adler, R. H. and Zlot, S. and Hürny, C. and Minder, C.",
volume="51",
number="1",
pages="87-101",
abstract="Engel's hypothesis of pain-prone patients having a distinct pattern of developmental psychosocial experiences was tested in a controlled design including four groups of 20 patients each: A) psychogenic pain, B) organic pain, C) psychogenic bodily symptoms, and D) organic disease. On admission an open-ended interview, including childhood experiences, was tape-recorded. Measures were taken to minimize observer bias. Patients in group A had, compared to the other groups, significantly increased prevalence of: &quot;Parents, verbally and/or physically abusive of each other,&quot; &quot;parents, abusive of the child,&quot; &quot;child, deflecting aggression from one parent to the other onto himself,&quot; &quot;parents, who suffered from illnesses/pain,&quot; &quot;parent of the same gender as the patient suffering from pain,&quot; &quot;pain of patient and parent in the same location,&quot; &quot;number of operations in adulthood,&quot; &quot;disturbance of interpersonal relationships,&quot; and &quot;disturbance of work life.&quot; Factor analysis produced two factors explaining 73% of the variance in group A: F1 (&quot;Brutality-Overcompensation&quot;) was related to &quot;duration of pain,&quot; and F2 (&quot;Submission-Inhibition&quot;) was related to &quot;number of operations, accidents&quot; in adulthood.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0033-3174",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}