@article{ref1,
title="Cold injury",
journal="Hand clinics",
year="2009",
author="Mohr, Wm J. and Jenabzadeh, Kamrun and Ahrenholz, David H.",
volume="25",
number="4",
pages="481-496",
abstract="The pathophysiology of true frostbite reveals that the direct injury produced during the initial freeze process has a minor contribution to the global tissue damage. However, rapid rewarming to reverse the tissue crystallization has essentially been the lone frostbite intervention for almost half a century. The major pathologic process is the progressive microvascular thrombosis following reperfusion of the ischemic limb, with the cold-damaged endothelial cells playing a central role in the outcome of these frozen tissues. Newer interventions offer the opportunity to combat this process, and this article offers a scientific approach to frostbite injuries of the upper extremities.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0749-0712",
doi="10.1016/j.hcl.2009.06.004",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2009.06.004"
}