@article{ref1,
title="Problem drinking and depression among DWI offenders: a three-wave longitudinal study",
journal="Journal of consulting and clinical psychology",
year="1990",
author="Windle, Michael and Miller, Brenda A.",
volume="58",
number="2",
pages="166-174",
abstract="Longitudinal data collected at 3 occasions of measurement from a convicted driving-while-intoxicated sample (n = 302) were used to study the interrelations between problem drinking and depressive symptomatology. Time intervals between occasions of measurement were approximately 9 months. Cross-lagged latent variable models indicated that higher levels of depression at Time 1 were significantly associated with lower levels of problem drinking at Time 2. Similarly, higher levels of problem drinking at Time 1 were significantly associated with lower levels of depression at Time 2. However, the direction of effects for the cross-lagged coefficients were reversed for the Time-2-Time-3 relations. Higher levels of depression at Time 2 were significantly associated with higher levels of problem drinking at Time 3, and higher levels of problem drinking at Time 2 were associated with higher levels of depression at Time 3. The results are interpreted to reflect a biphasic process.",
language="",
issn="0022-006X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}