@article{ref1,
title="Early cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television watching as predictors of subsequent bullying among grade-school children",
journal="Archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine",
year="2005",
author="Katon, Wayne and Christakis, Dimitri A. and Glew, Gwen M. and Zimmerman, Frederick J. and Zimmerman, Fredrick J",
volume="159",
number="4",
pages="384-388",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Bullying is a major public health issue, the risk factors for which are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television viewing at age 4 years are independently associated with being a bully at ages 6 through 11 years. METHODS: We used multivariate logistic regression, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, to adjust for multiple confounding factors. RESULTS: Parental cognitive stimulation and emotional support at age 4 years were each independently protective against bullying, with a significant odds ratio of 0.67 for both variables associated with a 1-SD increase (95% confidence interval, 0.54-0.82 for cognitive stimulation and 0.54-0.84 for emotional support). Each hour of television viewed per day at age 4 years was associated with a significant odds ratio of 1.06 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.11) for subsequent bullying. These findings persisted when we controlled for bullying behavior at age 4 years in a subsample of children for whom this measure was available. CONCLUSION: The early home environment, including cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and exposure to television, has a significant impact on bullying in grade school.",
language="",
issn="1072-4710",
doi="10.1001/archpedi.159.4.384",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.4.384"
}