@article{ref1,
title="Relationships of US youth homicide victims and their offenders, 1976-1999",
journal="Archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine",
year="2005",
author="Moskowitz, Herbert and Laraque, Danielle and Doucette, J. T. and Shelov, Eric",
volume="159",
number="4",
pages="356-361",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Homicide is the second leading cause of death in children aged 0 to 19 years. Tailoring violence prevention programs to high-risk individuals requires understanding victim-offender relationships. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate differences in the relationships between homicide victims aged 0 to 19 years and their offenders. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using the Uniform Crime Reports: Supplemental Homicide Reports, 1976-1999.Setting and PARTICIPANTS: The Supplemental Homicide Reports contain incident-level information about criminal homicides, including location and victim and offender characteristics. National coverage is approximately 92%; 70 258 victims were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences in the relationships of homicide victims and offenders based on sex, age, population of homicide location, and weapon. RESULTS: Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported. Using strangers as the referent group, murdered girls were 3.6 (95% CI, 3.4-3.9) times more likely to have been killed by family members and 21.3 (95% CI, 18.5-24.4) times more likely to have been killed by intimate partners than murdered boys. Victims younger than 10 years were 33 (95% CI, 30.4-36.1) times more likely than victims older than 10 years to have been killed by a family member and 2.4 (95% CI, 2.2-2.6) times more likely to have been killed by someone else known to them. Stranger homicides occurred in areas with approximately 145 000 more residents (P&lt;.01). Handguns were more likely to be used during homicides committed by strangers (P&lt;.01). These associations remained after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Future violence prevention programs may have more effect when targeted to specific sex and age groups. Elucidation of the origins of sex differences, focus on evidence-based child abuse prevention efforts, and enforcement of current gun control laws may help reduce the number of homicides among children.<br />",
language="",
issn="1072-4710",
doi="10.1001/archpedi.159.4.356",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.4.356"
}