@article{ref1,
title="Comprehensive, three-dimensional head-neck model for impact and high-acceleration studies",
journal="Aviation, space, and environmental medicine",
year="1978",
author="Huston, R. L. and Huston, J. C. and Harlow, M. W.",
volume="49",
number="1 Pt. 2",
pages="205-210",
abstract="A three-dimensional, 54-degree-of-freedom computer model of the head/neck system is presented and discussed. The model consists of nine rigid bodies representing the head and vertebrae together with a series of nonlinear springs and dampers modelling the soft tissue. The soft tissue modelling involves the discs, muscles, and ligaments. The discs are modelled as two-parameter viscoelastic solids; the muscles are also modelled as two-parameter viscoelastic solids, but only able to exert force in tension; and the ligaments are modelled as nonlinear elastic bands exerting force only in tension. Equations of motion are written for this model by using Lagrange's form of d'Alembert's principle, a virtual work type principle. Computer algorithms are written to efficiently compute the numerical coefficients of these equations. The equations are integrated numerically for a number of specific cases where experimental data are available. Results show excellent agreement between the model and the experiments.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0095-6562",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}