@article{ref1,
title="Testing a four-factor model of psychopathy and its association with ethnicity, gender, intelligence, and violence",
journal="Journal of consulting and clinical psychology",
year="2005",
author="Vitacco, Michael J. and Neumann, Craig S. and Jackson, Rebecca L.",
volume="73",
number="3",
pages="466-476",
abstract="Although a 2-factor model has advanced research on the psychopathy construct, a 3-factor model was recently developed that emphasized pathological personality and eliminated antisocial behavior. However, dropping antisocial behavior from the psychopathy construct may not be advantageous. Using a large sample of psychiatric patients from the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study (J. Monahan & H. J. Steadman, 1994), the authors used confirmatory factor analysis to test a 4-factor model of psychopathy, which included interpersonal, affective, and behavioral impulsivity dimensions and an antisocial behavior dimension. Model fit was good for this 4-factor model, even when ethnicity, gender, and intelligence variables were included in the model. Structural equation modeling was used to compare the 3- and 4-factor models in predicting proximal (violence) and distal (intelligence) correlates of psychopathy.",
language="",
issn="0022-006X",
doi="10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.466",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.466"
}