@article{ref1,
title="Suicide in 406 mood-disorder patients with and without long-term medication: a 40 to 44 years' follow-up",
journal="Archives of suicide research",
year="2005",
author="Angst, J. and Angst, Felix and Gerber-Werder, Regina and Gamma, A.",
volume="9",
number="3",
pages="279-300",
abstract="There is no data on the variation in the suicide risk over lifetime and on the suicide-preventive effect of the long-term treatment of mood-disorder patients with antidepressants and neuroleptics. Our research focused on 186 unipolar (D), 60 bipolar II (Dm), 130 nuclear bipolar I (MD), and 30 preponderantly manic patients (M/Md); that were followed-up from 1963 to 2003. By 2003, 45 (11.1%) of the 406 patients had committed suicide. Suicide rates were highest among D patients (Standardized Mortality Ratio, SMR = 26.4), MD (SMR = 13.6), Dm (SMR = 10.6) and lowest among M/Md patients (SMR = 4.7). Prospectively, the suicide rate decreased over the 44 years' follow-up; Lithium, neuroleptics and antidepressants reduced suicides significantly. Long-term treatment also reduced overall mortality, and combined treatments proved more effective than mono-therapy.",
language="en",
issn="1381-1118",
doi="10.1080/13811110590929488",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811110590929488"
}