@article{ref1,
title="Standards of guard fences",
journal="Transportation research circular",
year="2002",
author="Ando, Katsuhisa",
volume="",
number="E-C038",
pages="2-23",
abstract="In Japan, guard fences are installed in conformity with guard fence installation standards. These standards were published in 1965 and have been revised twice (1967, 1972). Recently, road traffic has tended to speed up, a consequence of the extension of expressways and sharp improvements in motor vehicle performance. These changes have been accompanied by a rise in the force of impacts nationwide. On the other hand, former standards of guard fences have stipulated structural details; the selection of types of guard fences to install has been limited; and little development has been undertaken to provide guard fences with structures or colors that contribute to the beautification of the road and its surroundings. Considering these conditions, Japanese standards of guard fences were revised in November 1998. In the new standards, there are two types of guard fences. Traffic barriers are for vehicle guidance after collision, and fences for pedestrians and cyclists protect pedestrians and cyclists from falling or crossing the road. The appendix to this paper contains Japan's &quot;Guard Fence Installation Standard.&quot;<p />",
language="",
issn="0097-8515",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}