@article{ref1,
title="Visual impairment and risk of hip fracture",
journal="American journal of epidemiology",
year="2000",
author="Ivers, Rebecca Q. and Norton, R. and Cumming, Robert G. and Butler, M. and Campbell, A. John",
volume="152",
number="7",
pages="633-639",
abstract="As part of a case-control study, the Auckland Hip Fracture Study (1991-1994), the authors examined associations between impaired vision and risk of hip fracture. Subjects (911 cases and 910 controls aged 60 years or older) completed a questionnaire and had vision measurements taken, including measurements of visual acuity and stereopsis (depth perception). Binocular visual acuity worse than 20/60 was statistically significantly associated with increased risk of hip fracture after adjustment for age, sex, proxy response, hours of activity per week, and height (odds ratio (OR) = 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 2.0), as was having poor vision (less than 20/100) in both eyes (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.0, 6.1). Having no depth perception was associated with increased risk (OR = 6.0 95% CI: 3.2, 11.1), as were categories of decreasing stereopsis (trend p = 0.0001), self-reported poor vision (OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.9), not wearing glasses at the time of the fall (OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.6), and increasing time since the last eye examination (trend p = 0.03). The population attributable risk of hip fracture due to poor visual acuity or stereopsis was 40%. Visual factors are important fall-related factors which influence risk of hip fracture. Risk of hip fracture may be decreased by correcting refractive error, improving stereopsis, and administering regular eye examinations.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0002-9262",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}