@article{ref1,
title="Headache, stomachache, backache, and morning fatigue among adolescent girls in the United States: associations with behavioral, sociodemographic, and environmental factors",
journal="Archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine",
year="2004",
author="Ghandour, Reem M. and Overpeck, Mary D. and Huang, Z. Jennifer and Kogan, Michael D. and Scheidt, Peter C.",
volume="158",
number="8",
pages="797-803",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Data on the prevalence and co-occurrence of multiple somatic symptoms among US adolescent females as they are influenced by sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental factors is limited. OBJECTIVES: To describe the health status of adolescent US females measured by the prevalence, frequency, and co-occurrence of headache, stomachache, backache, and morning fatigue and to investigate associations between selected risk and protective factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: School-based, cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of adolescents in the 6th through 10th grades in the US. Data collected between 1997 and 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of headache, stomachache, backache, and morning fatigue. RESULTS: Among US adolescent girls, 29.1% experience headaches, 20.7% report stomachaches, 23.6% experience back pain, and 30.6% report morning fatigue at the rate of more than once a week. Co-occurrence of somatic complaints is common. Among girls who experienced headaches more than once a week, 3.2 million (53.3%) also reported stomach pain more than once a week and 4.1 million (74.3%) reported morning fatigue more than once a week. Heavy alcohol use, high caffeine intake, and smoking cigarettes every day were strongly associated with all symptoms, while parent and teacher support served as protective factors. CONCLUSIONS: Somatic complaints of headache, stomachache, backache, and morning fatigue are common among US adolescent girls and co-occur often. Effective clinical treatment of this population requires comprehensive assessment of all female adolescents presenting with seemingly isolated somatic complaints.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1072-4710",
doi="10.1001/archpedi.158.8.797",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.8.797"
}