@article{ref1,
title="The magnitude and correlates of alcohol and drug use before traumatic brain injury",
journal="Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation",
year="2002",
author="Bombardier, Charles H. and Rimmele, Carl T. and Zintel, Heather",
volume="83",
number="12",
pages="1765-1773",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To describe preinjury alcohol and drug use and opportunities for secondary prevention among persons with recent traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Acute inpatient rehabilitation program. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 142 (91%) of 156 consecutive admissions who met inclusion criteria and were screened. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Alcohol and drug use questionnaires, alcohol problem questions, toxicology results, readiness to change, and treatment preference questions. RESULTS: Subjects were on average 37 years old, 80% were men, and 80% were white. Fifty-nine percent of the sample was considered &quot;at-risk&quot; drinkers and, as a group, subjects reported a high degree of preinjury alcohol-related problems. Thirty-four percent reported recent illicit drug use, and 42 (37%) of 114 cases with toxicology results were positive for illicit drugs. Motivation to change alcohol use correlated positively with greater self-reported alcohol consumption and problem severity. Most at-risk drinkers wanted to change on their own, whereas a minority were interested in treatment or Alcoholics Anonymous. CONCLUSION: Both alcohol abuse and drug use are common before TBI. Inpatient brain injury rehabilitation represents an important opportunity to identify and intervene in substance abuse problems.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-9993",
doi="10.1053/apmr.2002.36085",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2002.36085"
}