@article{ref1,
title="Marital relationship and individual psychological characteristics that predict physical punishment of children",
journal="Journal of family psychology",
year="2003",
author="Kanoy, Korrel and Ulku-Steiner, Beril and Cox, Martha and Burchinal, Margaret",
volume="17",
number="1",
pages="20-28",
abstract="The relationships among use of physical punishment of children, marital conflict, and individual adult hostility were examined longitudinally. Couples expecting their first child completed self-report scales of individual hostility and were observed in marital problem-solving situations for level of marital conflict during the prenatal period. The marital problem-solving situations were again assessed at 2 years and 5 years following the child's birth. At the later time points, discipline practices were assessed through interview. A climate of negativity, manifested through either high rates of individual hostility or marital conflict, predicted the use of more frequent and severe physical punishment of children at 2 and 5 years, even when parent educational level was controlled. Implications for policy and parent education are discussed.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0893-3200",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}