@article{ref1,
title="Hearing Range of White-Tailed Deer as Determined by Auditory Brainstem Response",
journal="Journal of wildlife management",
year="2007",
author="D'Angelo, GJ and Chicchis, ARD and Osborn, DA and Gallagher, GR and Warren, R. J. and Miller, KV",
volume="71",
number="4",
pages="1238-1242",
abstract="Basic knowledge of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) hearing can improve understanding of deer behavior and may assist in the development of effective deterrent strategies. Using auditory brainstem response testing, we determined that white-tailed deer hear within the range of frequencies we tested, between 0.25-30 kilohertz (kHz), with best sensitivity between 4-8 kHz. The upper limit of human hearing lies at about 20 kHz, whereas we demonstrated that white-tailed deer detected frequencies to at least 30 kHz. This difference suggests that research on the use of ultrasonic (frequencies >20 kHz) auditory deterrents is justified as a possible means of reducing deer-human conflicts.<p />",
language="",
issn="0022-541X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}