@article{ref1,
title="Karl Heinzen and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Terror",
journal="Terrorism and political violence",
year="2010",
author="Bessner, Daniel and Stauch, Michael",
volume="22",
number="2",
pages="143-176",
abstract="<p>Scholars have long recognized the importance of Karl Heinzen's Mord und Freiheit in the history of terrorist thought. Yet the translation most scholars have relied on -- 1881s Murder and Liberty -- is incomplete. Our new translation reveals four elements omitted from the 1881 translation. First, Heinzen conceived of terrorism as a transnational phenomenon. Second, he provided a material justification for terrorist tactics. Third, Heinzen viewed terrorism as both a tool to impel human society to progress and as a “progressive” tool of violence. Finally, he argued in favor of the primary modern tactic of terrorism—the indiscriminate bombing of civilians. </p>",
language="",
issn="0954-6553",
doi="10.1080/09546550903445209",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546550903445209"
}